Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

• guaranteeing long-lived CS states. Guldi et al. synthesized 16 distinct donor–acceptor conjugated molecules, denoted as 89–104 (Figure 11). These molecules comprised ZnP as an electron donor and push–pull chromophores with varying reduction potentials as electron acceptors interconnected by various rigid

• spacers [147][148]. Comprehensive analyses and characterizations of the photoinduced electron-transfer processes in these conjugates were conducted. In these molecular designs, the center-to-center distances of the electron donor and acceptor ranged from 13.9 Å to 25.1 Å. Marcus curves were obtained by

Intramolecular glycosylation

• Xiao G. Jia and
• Alexei V. Demchenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2028–2048, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.201

• attempt to simplify the synthesis of the non-symmetrical tethers, a highly trendy triazole-forming click chemistry was combined with rigid spacers by the Schmidt group. α,α’-Dibromo ortho- and meta-xylene-derived rigid spacers were used in this application, and this approach allowed to investigate the

Glyco-gold nanoparticles: synthesis and applications

• Federica Compostella,
• Olimpia Pitirollo,
• Alessandro Silvestri and
• Laura Polito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1008–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.100

• spacer in the glycan–protein interaction [67]. The authors considered different types of spacer in terms of chemical structure, length and rigidity and demonstrated that longer linkers resulted as the best performing ones, giving a better access to the protein pocket. Furthermore, they showed that rigid

• spacers could hinder the binding, by creating unfavorable interactions with the protein surface, while flexible spacers resulted in a better carbohydrate presentation and subsequent interaction with the target. Schlecht and co-workers experimentally demonstrated that the binding selectivity of GAuNPs

Efficient synthesis of phenylene-ethynylene rods and their use as rigid spacers in divalent inhibitors

• Francesca Pertici,
• Norbert Varga,
• Arnoud van Duijn,
• Matias Rey-Carrizo,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Roland J. Pieters

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.25

• , Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.9.25 Abstract The synthesis of phenylene-ethynylene rods and their use as rigid spacers is described. Alternation of a Sonogashira reaction and silyl group cleavage was used to obtain rigid spacers with even and odd numbers of

• ; rigid spacers; Sonogashira reaction; Introduction Linker or spacer molecules have a wide range of applications in many areas of chemistry as bridging molecules between separate functional units. Spacers are often flexible but depending on the nature of the application, efforts have been made to make

• [23]. While most systems reported thus far contain flexible spacers, there is a major untapped potential for systems based on rigid spacers, even though some flexibility may be needed to overcome design imperfections [10]. We herein describe the synthesis of rigid spacers of various lengths based on